Medical

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test      What is a PTT (partial thromboplastin time) test? A partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test measures the time it takes for a  blood clot  to form. Normally, when you get a cut or injury that causes bleeding, proteins in your blood called coagulation factors work together to form a blood clot. The clot stops you from losing too much blood. You have several coagulation factors in your blood. If any factors are missing or defective, it can take longer than normal for blood to clot. In some cases, this causes heavy, uncontrolled bleeding. A PTT test checks the function of specific coagulation factors. These include factors known as factor VIII, factor IX, factor X1, and factor XII. What is it used for? A PTT test is used to: Check the function of specific coagulation factors. If any of these factors are missing or defective, it can mean you have a  bleeding disorder . Bleeding disorde

                        Thrombocytes !                                     Clotting Factors ! The clotting factors are a group of chemicals in the blood which is responsible for the formation of blood clot. Clotting factors are usually inactive but once there is an injury to the wall of the blood vessel, they get activated. The function of clotting factors is to trigger the formation of a blood clot and stabilize it for as long as necessary. Clotting factors are therefore known as procoagulants. Factor I — Fibrinogen; common pathway; converted to fibrin. Factor II — Prothrombin; common pathway; converted to thrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Factor III — Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin; extrinsic pathway. Factor IV — Calcium ions (Ca2+); always present, needed for coagulation. Factor V — Labile factor, Proaccelerin; common pathway. Factor VI — not used Factor VII — Stable factor, Proconvertin; both extrinsic & intrinsic pathway. Factor VI

Asthma

WBC Anatomy and Function: v   Neutrophil: §   Make up 60% to 70% of WBC §   12-15 um   in diameter §   Nucleus 2-5 lobes(increase with cell age) §   Fine granular cytoplasm §   Phagocytic cell the engulf bacteria §   Increase: stress, burns, bacterial infections §   Decrease: Radiation exposure, B12 deficiency v   Eosinophil: §   Make up 2-5 % of WBC §   Nucleus 2-4 lobes §   Recruited to sites of inflammation §   Function: Involved in allergy, parasitic infections §   Contains: eosinophilic granules §   Granules contain: major basic protein §   Terminally differentiated v   Basophil: §   Make up 0% to 1% of WBC §   8-10 um    in diameter §   Cytoplasm filled with large deep blue-purple granules §   Liberate heparin and histamines during allergic reactions §   Intensify inflammatory response §   Increase: Allergic reactions §   Leukemia: cancers, hypothyroidism §   Decrease: Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hyperthyroidism v   Lymphocy