Hematology , 1 , HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

Simmons Citrate Agar biochemistry test for Enterobacteriaceae

Simmons Citrate Agar Simmons Citrate Agar is an agar medium used for the differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae based on the utilization of citrate as the sole source of carbon. Ingredients per liter of deionized water: Principle of Simmons Citrate Agar Uses of Simmons Citrate Agar 1. It is used for the differentiation of Gram-negative bacteria on the basis of citrate utilization. 2. Simmons Citrate Agar may be used to differentiate citrate-positive Salmonella enteritidis and members of Salmonella subgenus II, III and IV from the citrate-negative Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum . 3. Simmons Citrate Agar is primarily used to aid in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Uses include: Escherichia coli ...

Triple Sugar Iron Test

The Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Test To determine the ability of an organism to ferment glucose, lactose, and sucrose, and their ability to produce hydrogen sulfide. Principle The Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) test is a microbiological test named for its ability to test a microorganism’s ability to ferment sugars and to produce hydrogen sulfide. An agar slant of a special medium with multiple sugars constituting a pH-sensitive dye (phenol red), 1% lactose, 1% sucrose, 0.1% glucose, as well as sodium thiosulfate and ferrous sulfate or ferrous ammonium sulfate is used for carrying out the test. . Due to the building of acid during fermentation, the pH falls. The acid base indicator Phenol red. is incorporated for detecting carbohydrate fermentation that is indicated by the change in color of the carbohydrate medium from orange red to yellow in the pres...

Simmons Citrate Test

Simmons Citrate Reaction It used to differentiate among the Gram-Negative bacilli in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Principle Citrate agar is used to test an organism’s ability to utilize citrate as a source of energy. The medium contains citrate as the sole carbon source and inorganic ammonium salts (NH4H2PO4) as the sole source of nitrogen . Bacteria that can grow on this medium produce an enzyme, citrate-permease , capable of converting citrate to pyruvate . Pyruvate can then enter the organism’s metabolic cycle for the production of energy . Growth is indicative of utilization of citrate, an intermediate metabolite in the Krebs cycle . When the bacteria metabolize citrate , the ammonium salts are broken down to ammonia , which increases alkalinity . The shift in pH turns the...

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